Izilwanyana zase-Antarctica

Zeziphi izilwanyana ezihlala kwi-ecosystem ekhethekileyo yase-Antarctica?

Itywina likaWeddell kunye noboya betywina phambi komkhenkce osekupheleni kweAntarctica.

Iintaka, izilwanyana ezanyisayo kunye nabanye abemi base-Antarctica

imfuyo • Antarctic • Uhambo lwase-Antarctic • Izilwanyana zase-Antarctica

Isilwanyana esiyi-heraldic: oonombombiya base-Antarctica

Xa ucinga ngezilwanyana zasendle zase-Antarctic, into yokuqala ethi qatha engqondweni ngoonombombiya. Ziyimpawu yehlabathi elimangalisayo elimhlophe, izilwanyana eziqhelekileyo zase-Antarctica. I-emperor penguin mhlawumbi sesona silwanyana saziwayo kwilizwekazi lase-Antarctic kwaye kuphela kweentlobo ezizalela ngokuthe ngqo emkhenkceni. Nangona kunjalo, iindawo zayo zokuzala kunzima kakhulu ukufikelela kuzo. I-Adelie penguins zikwaxhaphakile kufutshane ne-Antarctica, kodwa zizalela kufutshane nonxweme ngoko ke kulula ukuziqwalasela. Zisenokungabi zikhulu njengesalamane sazo esaziwayo, kodwa zithande ukuthamba. Bakhetha imicu yaselunxwemeni engenamkhenkce enomkhenkce omninzi. Oonombombiya be-Emperor kunye noonombombiya be-Adelie ngabathandi bokwenyani bomkhenkce kwaye zizo zodwa ezizala kweyona ndawo iphambili yelizwekazi lase-Antarctic.

I-Chinstrap penguin kunye ne-gentoo penguin zizalela kwi-Antarctic Peninsula. Ngaphaya koko, kukho ikoloni yeepenguin ezihlala kwi-golden-crested, nazo ezihlala kulosingasiqithi. Ngoko kukho iindidi ezi-5 zoonombombiya kwilizwekazi lase-Antarctic. I king penguin ayiqukwanga, njengoko iza kuzingela kuphela kumanxweme ase Antarctica ebusika. Indawo yokuzalela i-subantarctic, umzekelo isiqithi esingaphantsi kwe-subantarctic EMzantsi Georgia. Oonombombiya beRockhopper bahlala kwi-sub-Antarctica, kodwa hayi kwilizwekazi lase-Antarctic.

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imfuyo • Antarctic • Uhambo lwase-Antarctic • Izilwanyana zase-Antarctica

Ezinye iintaka zolwandle zaseAntarctica

Ngokwe-Federal Environment Agency, malunga ne-25 ezinye iintlobo zeentaka zihlala kwi-Antarctic Peninsula, ukongeza kwiipenguin ezichazwe kakhulu. I-skuas, ii-petrels ezinkulu kunye ne-waxbill enobuso obumhlophe zizinto eziqhelekileyo ezibonwayo kuhambo lwase-Antarctic. Bathanda ukuba amaqanda oonombombiya kwaye banokuba yingozi kumantshontsho. Eyona ntaka inkulu nedumileyo yialbatross. Iindidi ezininzi zezi ntaka zikhangeleka zikho kwiAntarctica. Kwaye nohlobo oluthile lwecormorant lufumene ikhaya lalo kuMmandla oMmandla.

Iintlobo ezintathu zeentaka ziye zabonwa kwi-South Pole ngokwayo: i-snow petrel, i-Antarctic petrel kunye neentlobo ze-skua. Ngoko banokubizwa ngokukhuselekileyo ngokuba zizilwanyana zase-Antarctica. Akukho onombombiya apho kuba iSouth Pole ikude kakhulu nolwandle olunika ubomi. I-emperor penguin kunye nekhephu petrel kuphela kwezilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo ezihlala ngaphakathi eAntarctica ixesha elide. I-emperor penguin izalela kumkhenkce oqinileyo wolwandle okanye umkhenkce ongaphakathi elizweni, ukuya kuma 200 km ukusuka elwandle. I-snow petrel ibeka amaqanda ayo kwiincopho zeentaba ezingenamkhenkce kwaye izama ukuya kwiikhilomitha ezili-100 emhlabeni ukwenza oko. I-arctic tern iphethe enye ingxelo: ibhabha malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-30.000 ngonyaka, nto leyo eyenza ibe yintaka efudukayo enowona mgama umde wokubhabha emhlabeni. Izalela eGreenland ize ibhabha iye eAntarctica iphinde ibuye kwakhona.

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imfuyo • Antarctic • Uhambo lwase-Antarctic • Izilwanyana zase-Antarctica

Iintlobo zetywina lase-Antarctic

Usapho lwenja yetywina lumelwe zintlobo ezininzi e-Antarctica: Iintini ze-Weddell, ingwe yaselwandle, i-crabeater seal kunye ne-Ross seal enqabileyo zizilwanyana eziqhelekileyo zase-Antarctica. Zizingela kunxweme lweAntarctic kwaye zizala amantshontsho azo kumkhenkce. Amatywina eendlovu anomtsalane asezantsi nawo azinja zenja. Ngawona matywina amakhulu ehlabathini. Nangona zingabemi abaqhelekileyo be-subarctic, zikwafumaneka kumanzi ase-Antarctic.

I-Antarctic fur seal luhlobo lwetywina elineendlebe. Ihlala ekhaya kwiziqithi ezingaphantsi kwe-Antarctic. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ukwalundwendwe kumanxweme elizwekazi elimhlophe. I-Antarctic fur seal ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-fur seal.

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imfuyo • Antarctic • Uhambo lwase-Antarctic • Izilwanyana zase-Antarctica

Iminenga eAntarctica

Ngaphandle kwamantini, iminenga kuphela kwezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezifumaneka eAntarctica. Zitya kumanzi e-Antarctic, zithatha ithuba lokutya okuninzi kulo mmandla. I-Federal Environmental Agency ithi iintlobo zeminenga ezili-14 zenzeka rhoqo kuLwandle oluMazantsi. Ezi ziquka zombini iminenga ye-baleen (umzekelo, iminenga, i-humpback, fin, blue and minke whales) kunye neminenga enamazinyo (umzekelo, i-orcas, i-sperm whales kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamahlengesi). Elona xesha lilungileyo lokubukela iminenga e-Antarctica nguFebruwari noMatshi.

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imfuyo • Antarctic • Uhambo lwase-Antarctic • Izilwanyana zase-Antarctica

Izinto eziphilayo ezingaphantsi kwamanzi e-Antarctica

Okanye? I-Antarctica inezinto eziphilayo ezininzi kunokuba ucinga. Oonombombiya, iintaka zolwandle, iintini kunye neminenga yincam nje yomkhenkce. Uninzi lwezityalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zase-Antarctica zingaphantsi kwamanzi. Malunga nama-200 eentlobo zeentlanzi, i-biomass enkulu yeecrustaceans, ii-cephalopods ezingama-70 kunye nezinye izidalwa zaselwandle ezinjengeechinoderms, cnidarians kunye nezipontshi.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku eyona cephalopod eyaziwa kakhulu ye-Antarctic yiskwidi esikhulu. Yeyona mollusk inkulu ehlabathini. Nangona kunjalo, ezona ntlobo zezilwanyana zibalulekileyo kwihlabathi eliphantsi kwamanzi e-Antarctic yi-krill yase-Antarctic. Oononkala abancinci bafana ne-shrimp benza ibubu elikhulu kwaye bangumthombo wokutya osisiseko kwizilwanyana ezininzi zase-Antarctic. Kukwakho ne-starfish, iiurchins zaselwandle kunye ne-sea cucumber kwiindawo ezibandayo. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeCnidarian zisuka kwi-jellyfish enkulu enemitha ubude beentente ukuya kwiintlobo ezincinci zobomi ezenza i-coral. Kwaye nesona sidalwa sidala emhlabeni sihlala kule ndawo ibonakala inobutshaba: isiponji esikhulu i-Anoxycalyx joubini kuthiwa sifikelela kwiminyaka engama-10.000 ubudala. Kusekuninzi ekufuneka kufunyenwe. Iingcali zebhayoloji yaselwandle zisabhala izidalwa ezininzi ezingekaphononongwa ezinkulu nezincinci kwihlabathi elinomkhenkce ongaphantsi kwamanzi.

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imfuyo • Antarctic • Uhambo lwase-Antarctic • Izilwanyana zase-Antarctica

Izilwanyana zoMhlaba zase-Antarctica

Oonombombiya kunye namatywina zizilwanyana zasemanzini ngokwengcaciso. Kwaye iintaka zolwandle ezikwaziyo ukubhabha zihlala ngaphezulu kolwandle. Ke, ngaba zikhona izilwanyana e-Antarctica ezihlala emhlabeni kuphela? Ewe, sinambuzane esikhethekileyo. Ingcongconi engenamaphiko e-Belgica antarctica iye yaziqhelanisa neemeko ezigqithisileyo zehlabathi elibandayo lase-Antarctica. I-genome yaso encinci ibangela uvakalelo kwizangqa zenzululwazi, kodwa esi sinambuzane sinokuninzi esinokunikela ngezinye iindlela. Amaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-zero, imbalela kunye namanzi anetyuwa - akukho ngxaki kwaphela. Ingcongconi ivelisa isixhobo esinamandla sokunqanda umkhenkce yaye inokusinda ekuphelelweni ngamanzi ukuya kutsho kuma-70 ekhulwini olwelo lomzimba wayo. Ihlala njengombungu iminyaka emi-2 ngaphakathi nasemkhenkceni. Itya i-algae, ibhaktheriya kunye ne-penguin droppings. Isinambuzane esikhulileyo sineentsuku ezilishumi zokukhwelana kwaye sizalele amaqanda phambi kokuba sife.

Le ngcongconi incinci ingabhabhayo inerekhodi njengendawo enkulu yokuhlala esisigxina kwilizwekazi lase-Antarctic. Kungenjalo, kukho ezinye ii microorganisms kumhlaba we Antarctic, ezifana nematodes, mites kunye ne springtails. I-microcosm etyebileyo inokufunyanwa ngakumbi apho umhlaba ugalelwe ilindle lentaka.

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imfuyo • Antarctic • Uhambo lwase-Antarctic • Izilwanyana zase-Antarctica

Ulwazi oluninzi olunomdla malunga nehlabathi lezilwanyana e-Antarctica

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Ziziphi izilwanyana ezikhoyo hayi eAntarctica?

Azikho izilwanyana ezincancisayo, azikho izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo kwaye azikho izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini e-Antarctica. Azikho izilwanyana ezizingelayo emhlabeni, ngoko izilwanyana zasendle zase-Antarctica zikhululekile ngendlela engaqhelekanga malunga nabatyeleli. Ewe azikho iibhere ezimhlophe e-Antarctica, aba bazingeli boyikekayo bafumaneka kuphela kwi-Arctic. Ngoko ke oonombombiya kunye neebhere ezimhlophe azinakuze zihlangane kwindalo.

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Zihlala phi izilwanyana ezininzi e-Antarctica?

Uninzi lweentlobo zezilwanyana zihlala kuLwandlekazi oluMazantsi, oko kukuthi kumanzi e-Antarctic malunga ne-Antarctica. Kodwa kwizwekazi laseAntarctic zezona zilwanyana zininzi? Emanxwemeni. Kwaye zeziphi? Ngokomzekelo, iiNtaba zeVestfold, ziyindawo engenamkhenkce eMpuma yeAntarctica. Iintini zeendlovu zaseMazantsi zithanda ukutyelela ummandla wazo oselunxwemeni kwaye iAdelie penguin isebenzisa indawo engenamkhenkce ukuze izale. i I-Antarctic Peninsula kumda weWest Antarctica, nangona kunjalo, likhaya lezona zilwanyana zininzi kwilizwekazi lase-Antarctic.

Kukwakho neziqithi ezininzi ze-Antarctic kunye ne-sub-Antarctic ezijikeleze umhlaba we-Antarctic. Ezi zikwahlala ngamaxesha onyaka zizilwanyana. Ezinye iintlobo zixhaphake ngakumbi apho kunelizwekazi lase-Antarctic ngokwalo. Imizekelo yeziqithi ezinomdla ezisezantsi kwe-Antarctic zezi: I Iziqithi zaseSouth Shetland kuLwandlekazi oluMazantsi iparadesi yezilwanyana EMzantsi Georgia kwaye Iziqithi zaseSouth Sandwich kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki, ukuba I-Kerguelen Archipelago kuLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya kunye Iziqithi zaseAuckland kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki.

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Ukuziqhelanisa nobomi baseAntarctica

Oonombombiya baseAntarctic baqhelane nobomi obubandayo ngokusebenzisa izinto ezininzi ezincinci. Umzekelo, baneentlobo ezikhethekileyo zokugquma iintsiba, ulusu olungqindilili, umaleko onesisa wamanqatha, kunye nomkhwa wokukhuselana ngokwamaqela amakhulu emoyeni xa kubanda ukunciphisa ilahleko yabo yobushushu. Iinyawo zoonombombiya zichulumancisa ngokukhethekileyo, kuba ukulungelelaniswa okukhethekileyo kwinkqubo yemithambo yegazi kwenza oonombombiya bakwazi ukugcina ubushushu bomzimba wabo nangona iinyawo zabo zibanda. Funda kwi Ukuziqhelanisa noonombombiya kwiAntarctica ngakumbi malunga nokuba kutheni oonombombiya befuna iinyawo ezibandayo kwaye ngawaphi amaqhinga indalo ethe yaza nawo kule nto.

Iintini zase-Antarctic nazo ziye zaqhelana ngokugqibeleleyo nokuphila kumanzi abandayo. Owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo yi-Weddell seal. Ukhangeleka etyebe ngendlela emangalisayo kwaye unesizathu esivakalayo, kuba inqatha elishinyeneyo yi-inshurensi yobomi bakhe. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-blubber inefuthe elinamandla lokugquma kwaye lenza itywina lintywilise ixesha elide kumanzi abandayo okumazantsi oLwandlekazi oluMazantsi. Oku kubalulekile kuba izilwanyana zihlala ngaphantsi komkhenkce kunasemkhenkceni. Fumana kwinqaku Amatywina ase-Antarctic, indlela i-Weddell seal igcina ngayo imingxuma yokuphefumla icacile kwaye yintoni ekhethekileyo malunga nobisi lwabo.

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Nase-Antarctica zikhona izifunxi-gazi

Nase-Antarctica kukho izilwanyana eziphila ngeendleko zomkhosi wazo. Umzekelo, iiroundworms zeparasitic. Iintshulube ezingqukuva ezihlasela iintini zezodidi olwahlukileyo kunezo zihlasela iminenga, umzekelo. Oonombombiya nabo bathwaxwa ziinematodes. Iicrustaceans, isquid, kunye neentlanzi zisebenza njengeendwendwe eziphakathi okanye ezothutho.

Ii-ectoparasites nazo ziyenzeka. Kukho iintwala zezilwanyana ezisebenza ngokukhethekileyo kwiinja zaselwandle. Ezi zinambuzane zinomdla kakhulu ngokwembono yebhayoloji. Ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana zaselwandle zinokuntywila ukuya kubunzulu obuziimitha ezingama-600 kwaye iintwala zikwazile ukuziqhelanisa ukuze ziphile koku kuntywila. Impumelelo ebalaseleyo.

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Amagqabantshintshi ngezilwanyana zase-Antarctica

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Izilwanyana ezi-5 eziqhelekileyo e-Antarctica

I-emperor penguin yakudala
Ipenguin entle iAdelie
Itywina lengwe elisinekileyo
Itywina lokhula olunamafutha amaninzi
Ikhephu elimhlophe petrel

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Vertebrates kwi Antarctica

Izilwanyana zaselwandle	Amatywina: Wedge Seal, Leopard Seal, Crabeater Seal, Southern Elephant Seal, Antarctic Fur Seal Iminenga: umz. i-humpback whale, i-fin whale, i-blue whale, i-minke whale, i-sperm whale, i-orca, iindidi ezininzi zamahlengesi
Iintaka	oonombombiya: I-Emperor penguin, i-Adelie penguin, i-chinstrap penguin, i-gentoo penguin, i-golden-crested penguin (uKumkani wePenguin kunye neRockhopper Penguin eSubantarctica) Ezinye iintaka zolwandle: umz. iipetrels, iialbatross, iiskuas, iitern, iwaxbill enobuso obumhlophe, uhlobo lwecormorant
Pisces	Malunga nama-200 eentlobo zeentlobo: umz.

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Izilwanyana ezingenamqolo eAntarctica

i-arthropod	Umz. Iikhrastasia: kuquka ikrill yaseAntarctic Umzekelo, izinambuzane: kubandakanywa iintwala zetywina kunye nengcongconi engenamaphiko eBelgica antarctica umz
iimoluska	Umz. iskwidi: kuqukwa neskwidi esikhulu umz. iimbaza
ii-echinoderms	umz. iiurchins zaselwandle, intlanzi yolwandle, iikomkomere zaselwandle
cnidarians	umz. ijelifish & nekorali
iintshulube	umz. iintshulube
Iziponji	umz. iziponji zeglasi eziquka isipontshi esikhulu iAnoxycalyx joubini

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Abakhenkethi banokufumanisa i-Antarctica kwinqanawa yohambo, umzekelo kwi Umoya Wolwandle.
Jonga ubukumkani obubodwa bengqele nge-AGE™ Isikhokelo sokuHamba sase-Antarctic.

imfuyo • Antarctic • Uhambo lwase-Antarctic • Izilwanyana zase-Antarctica

Yonwabela i-AGE™ Igalari yeMifanekiso: I-Antarctic Biodiversity

(Kumboniso wesilayidi okhululekileyo kwifomathi epheleleyo, cofa ngokulula kwenye yeefoto)

imfuyo • Antarctic • Uhambo lwase-Antarctic • Izilwanyana zase-Antarctica

Amalungelo okushicilela, izaziso kunye nolwazi lomthombo