Jordan • ILifa leMveli leHlabathi iPetra • Imbali yePetra • Imephu yePetra • Ukujonga iPetra • Amangcwaba enamatye ePetra
Imvelaphi kunye nesiqalo
AmaNabataea ayevela kumbindi weArabhiya. Ubukhosi baseNabataea bubukumkani bokuqala baseArabhu kwimbali. Kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nemvelaphi yaba bantu kwaye kukho iithiyori ezahlukeneyo. Mhlawumbi bahlala kwinkulungwane ye-6 BC. Indawo ejikeleze iPetra kwaye yafudusa ilizwe ebelihlala apho ngaphambili. Ekuqaleni babehlala njengabemi abangoonothwal 'iintente kwintlambo ekhuselekileyo yasePetras. Inqaku lokuqala elibhaliweyo elimalunga neeNabbeans alifumanekanga de kwaba li-311 BC. Kwimbali yamaGrike.
Ukunyuka kwimetropolis yorhwebo
Isixeko simele ukuvela ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo njengeziko lezorhwebo. Iminyaka engama-800 - ukusuka kwinkulungwane yesi-5 BC I-BC ukuya kwi-3 yenkulungwane ye-AD-isixeko samandulo sasiyindawo ebalulekileyo kubarhwebi. IPetra yayifakwe kwindawo efanelekileyo kwaye yaba yindawo yokuma ethandwayo kwiindlela ezininzi zeekharaveni. Abarhwebi babehamba phakathi kweYiputa neSiriya okanye ukusuka kumazantsi eArabhiya ukuya kwiMeditera. Zonke iindlela zikhokelela ePetra. Ummandla waseNabatean uthathwa njengeyona ndlela iphakathi kwe-Weihrauchstrasse ne-Königsweg. Isixeko saba liziko eliphakathi lokurhweba ngezinto zodidi ezinje ngeziqholo, imore nentlaka yokuqhumisa kwaye zavela kwangoko ngenkulungwane ye-4 BC. Ukuchuma okubonakalayo.
Uvavanyo
Kwinkulungwane ye-3 BC AmaNabataea akwazi ukubuyisa uhlaselo ePetra. Omnye wabangena ezihlangwini zika-Alexander the Great wazama ukusithimba isixeko, esasisaziwa ngobutyebi baso. Umkhosi wakhe wakwazi ukuphanga isixeko, kodwa wabanjwa kwaye woyiswa ngamaNabataea kwindlela ebuyela entlango.
Imini yokonwaba ePetra
Kwinkulungwane ye-2 BC Kwi-BC Petra iphuhlisiwe ukusuka kwindawo yokurhweba ngokufuduka ukuya kwindawo yokuhlala isigxina kwaye yaba likomkhulu lamaNabatean. Izakhiwo ezizinzileyo zakhiwa, ekuhambeni kweminyaka zithatha ubukhulu obukhulu. Malunga ne-150 BC I-BC uBukhosi baseNabataea bandisa impembelelo yayo eSyria. Kwiminyaka engama-80 ye-1 leminyaka BC AmaNabataea alawula phantsi kukaKumkani uAretas III. IDamasko. UPetra naye wachuma ngexesha lomtshato wembali kaNabatean. Uninzi lwamangcwaba esixekweni akhiwa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC. BC nakwinkulungwane yokuqala ye-AD
Ukuqala kwesiphelo
Kwinkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC AmaNabataea axhasa indlalifa eyiyo yetrone yelakwaYuda kwaye baqhubela umntakwabo eJerusalem, apho bamngqinga khona. AmaRoma ayiphelisa le nto. Bacela ukumkani wamaNabataea ukuba arhoxe kwangoko, kungenjalo uya kubhengezwa njengolutshaba lweRoma. Ngowama-1 BC Ke uPetra kwafuneka azibeke kwinkonzo yaseRoma. AmaNabataea aba zizikhundla zamaRoma. Nangona kunjalo, uKumkani u-Aretas wakwazi ukugcina ubukumkani bakhe okwangoku kwaye uPetra wayehlala ezimele okwexeshana. Ngexesha lokudla kukaKrestu, isixeko esiliwa mhlawumbi sasinabantu abangama-63 20.000 ukuya kuma-30.000.
Phantsi kolawulo lwamaRoma
AmaRoma aqhubeka ephambukisa iindlela ezindala zorhwebo, kangangokuba isixeko saphulukana nefuthe kwaye saphangwa umthombo wobutyebi baso. Ukumkani wokugqibela wamaNabataea ekugqibeleni wamkhanyela uPetra isihloko senkunzi kwaye wayisa eBostra kwindawo ngoku eyiSyria. Ngo-AD 106, uPetra wagqitywa ukubandakanywa kubukhosi baseRoma kwaye ukususela ngoku waqhutywa njengephondo laseRoma iArabhiya Petraea. Nangona uPetra waphulukana nefuthe kunye nokuchuma, yahlala izinzile. Isixeko safumana amava amafutshane okwesibini njengebhishophu kunye nekomkhulu lephondo laseRoma. Intsalela yabaninzi iyakungqina oku Iinkonzo zeRock City ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, enokufumaneka kwintlambo yasePetra.
Ulahliwe, ulibale kwaye wafunyanwa kwakhona
Iinyikima ezinkulu zitshabalalise ezinye izakhiwo kwidolophu enamatye ePetra. Ngokukodwa, kwabakho intshabalalo enkulu ngo-AD 363. UPetra washiywa kancinci kancinci kwaye watyelelwa kuphela ngamaBedouins ukuze aphumle kancinci. Emva koko isixeko sawela silityalwa. Kwakuyiminyaka engama-400 kuphela edlulileyo ukuba isizwe saseBudoul sibuyele emaphandleni asePetras ngokusisigxina. EYurophu, isixeko esilahlekileyo asizange siphinde sifunyanwe kude kube ngowe-1812, de kube lelo xesha kwakukho amarhe kuphela malunga nedolophu esiwa e-Middle East. Ngo-1985 iPetra yaba yiNdawo yeLifa leMveli ye-UNESCO.
Ukumbiwa kwezinto zakudala
Ukumba bekuqhubeka ePetra ukusukela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-20 kwaye indawo ivulelwe ukhenketho. Uninzi lwe-b'doul ebesahlala emiqolombeni apho bafuduswa ngenkani. Emaphethelweni ePetra kusekho imiqolomba ehlala abantu namhlanje. Okwangoku, i-archaeologists ifumene malunga ne-20 yezakhiwo kunye namabhodlo ngaphezulu kommandla weekhilomitha ezingama-1000. Kucingelwa ukuba kuphela malunga neepesenti ezingama-20 zedolophu yakudala eyavunjululwa. Uphando luyaqhubeka: Ngexesha lokumba ngo-2003, abaphandi bafumana umgangatho wesibini owaziwayo UNondyebo Al Khazneh. Ngo-2011 indawo yokuhlamba yafunyanwa kweyona ntaba iphakamileyo esixekweni. Ngo-2016, i-archaeologist yasemoyeni yafumanisa ukuhlala kwetempile yakudala ukusuka kwi-200 BC. Ngomfanekiso wesathelayithi. Kuyachulumancisa ukubona xa ibali likaPetra liza kongezelelwa ngezinye izahluko.
Jordan • ILifa leMveli leHlabathi iPetra • Imbali yePetra • Imephu yePetra • Ukujonga iPetra • Amangcwaba enamatye ePetra
Uphuhliso lwePetra kunye noGunyaziwe weNgingqi yoKhenketho (oD), malunga nePetra. Kunye neNabatean. [kwi-Intanethi] Ibuyisiwe nge-12.04.2021 ka-Epreli ka-XNUMX, isuka kwi-URL: http://www.visitpetra.jo/Pages/viewpage.aspx?pageID=124 kwaye http://www.visitpetra.jo/Pages/viewpage.aspx?pageID=133
IiYunivesithi kwiUniversal (oD), ePetra. Idolophu eyimbali yamaNabataea. [kwi-Intanethi] Ibuyisiwe nge-12.04.2021 ka-Epreli ka-XNUMX, isuka kwi-URL: https://universes.art/de/art-destinations/jordanien/petra
Ursula Hackl, Hanna Jenni noChristoph Schneider (abachazwanga) Imithombo kwimbali yamaNabataea. Ukuqokelelwa kombhalo ngoguqulo kunye nezimvo. Ngokukodwa I.4.1.1. Ixesha le-Hellenistic ukuya kwiNkangeleko yamaRoma & I.4.1.2. Ixesha elivela kwiphondo laseSyria ukuya ekuqaleni kwenqununu [kwi-Intanethi] Ibuyiswe ngo-Epreli 12.04.2021, XNUMX, ukusuka kwi-URL: https://edoc.unibas.ch/15693/9/NTOA_51.pdf [Ifayile yePDF]
Ababhali beWikipedia (nge-20.12.2019 kaDisemba ngo-13.04.2021), amaNabataea. [kwi-Intanethi] Ibuyisiwe ngo-Epreli XNUMX, XNUMX, isuka kwi-URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabat%C3%A4er
Ababhali beWikipedia (26.02.2021/13.04.2021/XNUMX), Petra (Jordan). [kwi-Intanethi] Ibuyisiwe ngo-Epreli XNUMX, XNUMX, isuka kwi-URL: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_(Jordanien)#Ausgrabungen