Amabhere amhlophe e-Svalbard: inganekwane ngokumelene neqiniso

Mangaki amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo eSvalbard? Lapho uphendula lo mbuzo, osayizi abahlukahlukene bangatholakala ku-inthanethi ukuthi umfundi unesiyezi: amabhere angama-300, amabhere angama-1000 namabhere angama-2600 - konke kubonakala kungenzeka. Ngokuvamile kuthiwa kunamabhere angama-3000 e-polar e-Spitsbergen. Inkampani eyaziwa kakhulu yabahamba ngesikebhe iyabhala: “NgokweNhlangano Yezilwandle yaseNorway, amabhere amhlophe aseSvalbard njengamanje ayizilwane ezingu-3500 XNUMX.”

Amaphutha anokunganaki, amaphutha okuhumusha, ukucabanga okufisayo kanye nesimo sengqondo sokukopisha nokunamathisela ngeshwa esisabalele kungenzeka kube yimbangela yalolu bishi. Izitatimende ezimnandi zihlangabezana namashidi ebhalansi aphusile.

Yonke inganekwane iqukethe uhlamvu lweqiniso, kodwa iyiphi inombolo elungile? Lapha ungathola ukuthi kungani izinganekwane ezivame kakhulu zingelona iqiniso nokuthi mangaki amabhere atholakala e-Svalbard.

Umhlahlandlela wokuhamba we-Svalbard • Izilwane zase-Arctic • Ibhere elimhlophe (Ursus maritimus) • Mangaki amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo e-Svalbard? • Buka amabhere amhlophe e-Svalbard

Inganekwane 1: Maningi amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo kunabantu baseSvalbard

Nakuba lesi sitatimende singafundwa njalo ku-inthanethi, asikalungi. Nakuba iziqhingi eziningi eziseziqhingini zaseSvalbard zingahlali muntu, iziqhingi eziningi ezincane empeleni futhi ngokunengqondo zinamabhere asezintabeni amaningi kunezakhamuzi, lokhu akusebenzi esiqhingini esikhulu saseSvalbard noma kulo lonke leli qoqo leziqhingi.

Cishe abantu abayi-2500 kuya ku-3000 bahlala esiqhingini saseSpitsbergen. Iningi labo lihlala longyearbyen, idolobha elibizwa ngokuthi elisenyakatho kakhulu emhlabeni. Izibalo zaseNorway zinikeza izakhamuzi zaseSvalbard okokuqala ngqa ku-January 2021: Ngokwalokhu, izindawo zokuhlala zaseSvalbard zaseLongyearbyen, Ny-Alesund, Barentsburg nasePyramiden zizonke zazinezakhamuzi ezingu-2.859.

Ima. Awekho yini amabhere amaningi kunabantu baseSpitsbergen? Uma uzibuza lo mbuzo, cishe uzwile noma wafunda ukuthi cishe amabhere asezintabeni angu-3000 ahlala eSvalbard. Ukube bekunjalo, ubuyobe uqinisile, kodwa nakho lokho kuyinganekwane.

Ukuthola: Awekho amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo kunabantu abahlala eSvalbard.

Buyela ekubukeni konke

Umhlahlandlela wokuhamba we-Svalbard • Izilwane zase-Arctic • Ibhere elimhlophe (Ursus maritimus) • Mangaki amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo e-Svalbard? • Buka amabhere amhlophe e-Svalbard

Inganekwane yesi-2: Kunamabhere angu-3000 XNUMX e-polar eSvalbard

Le nombolo iyaqhubeka. Nokho, noma ubani obheka izincwadi zesayensi ngokushesha uyaqaphela ukuthi leli iphutha lamagama. Inani lamabhere amhlophe angaba ngu-3000 lisebenza kuyo yonke indawo yoLwandle iBarents, hhayi eziqhingini zaseSvalbard futhi ngokuqinisekile hhayi nje esiqhingini esikhulu saseSpitsbergen.

ngezansi I-Ursus maritimus (i-Europe assessment) ye-IUCN Red List of Threatened Species ingafundwa, isibonelo: “ EYurophu, inani elincane labantu oLwandle iBarents (iNorway neRussian Federation) lilinganiselwa kubantu abangaba ngu-3.000 XNUMX.”

Ulwandle i-Barents luwulwandle oluseceleni kwe-Arctic Ocean. Indawo yoLwandle i-Barents ayihlanganisi kuphela iSpitsbergen, yonke ingxenye ye-Svalbard Archipelago kanye nepaki yeqhwa enyakatho yeSpitsbergen, kodwa futhi i-Franz Joseph Land kanye nezifunda zeqhwa zaseRussia. Amabhere amhlophe ngezikhathi ezithile afuduka eqhweni lephakethe, kodwa uma ibanga liqhubeka, mancane amathuba okuthi ukushintshana kunciphe. Ukudlulisa lonke inani lebhere elimhlophe le-Barents Sea elingu-1:1 e-Svalbard akulungile.

Ukuthola: Kukhona cishe amabhere amhlophe angama-3000 endaweni yaseBarents Sea.

Buyela ekubukeni konke

Umhlahlandlela wokuhamba we-Svalbard • Izilwane zase-Arctic • Ibhere elimhlophe (Ursus maritimus) • Mangaki amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo e-Svalbard? • Buka amabhere amhlophe e-Svalbard

Izinombolo: Mangaki amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo ngempela eSvalbard?

Eqinisweni, angaba ngu-300 kuphela amabhere asezintabeni ahlala emingceleni yeqoqo leziqhingi zaseSvalbard, cishe amaphesenti ayishumi amabhere asezintabeni angu-3000 XNUMX avame ukucashunwa. Lezi nazo azihlali zonke esiqhingini esikhulu saseSpitsbergen, kodwa zisabalele eziqhingini eziningana eziqhingini leziqhingi. Ngakho-ke mancane kakhulu amabhere amhlophe e-Svalbard kunokuba amanye amawebhusayithi angathanda ukuthi ukholelwe. Noma kunjalo, izivakashi zinamathuba amahle kakhulu Ukubuka amabhere amhlophe e-Svalbard.

Ukuthola: Kukhona cishe amabhere angama-300 esiqhingini saseSvalbard, esihlanganisa nesiqhingi esikhulu saseSpitsbergen.

Ngaphezu kwamabhere amhlophe angaba ngu-300 emingceleni yaseSvalbard, kukhona namabhere asezindaweni ezisenyakatho yeSvalbard. Inani lala mabhere asezindaweni ezisenyakatho eqhweni elisenyakatho lilinganiselwa kumabhere amhlophe angama-700. Uma uhlanganisa womabili amanani ndawonye, ​​kuyaqondakala ukuthi kungani eminye imithombo inikeza inani lamabhere amhlophe angu-1000 e-Svalbard.

Ukuthola: Cishe amabhere amhlophe ayi-1000 ahlala esifundeni esiseduze ne-Spitsbergen (i-Svalbard + i-northern pack ice).

Awukuqondile ngokwanele? Akunjalo nathi. Esigabeni esilandelayo uzothola ukuthi mangaki amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo eSvalbard naseBarents Sea ngokwezincwadi zesayensi.

Buyela ekubukeni konke

Umhlahlandlela wokuhamba we-Svalbard • Izilwane zase-Arctic • Ibhere elimhlophe (Ursus maritimus) • Mangaki amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo e-Svalbard? • Buka amabhere amhlophe e-Svalbard

Amaqiniso: Mangakhi amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo ahlala eSvalbard?

Kube nezibalo ezimbili ezinkulu zebhere elimhlophe e-Svalbard ngo-2004 nango-2015: ngayinye kusukela ngo-August 01st kuya ku-August 31st. Kuyo yomibili le minyaka, iziqhingi zeziqhingi zaseSvalbard kanye nesifunda seqhwa esisenyakatho zaziseshwa ngemikhumbi nangendiza enophephela emhlane.

Ukubalwa kwabantu kwango-2015 kwabonisa ukuthi amabhere angama-264 ahlala eSvalbard. Nokho, ukuze uqonde kahle le nombolo, udinga ukwazi ukuthi ososayensi baziveza kanjani. Uma ufunda okushicilelwe okuhambisana nakho, kuthi “264 (95% CI = 199 – 363) amabhere”. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inombolo engu-264, ezwakala inembe kakhulu, ayisona isibalo esiqondile nhlobo, kodwa isilinganiso sesilinganiso esinethuba lama-95% esinembile.

Ukuthola: Ngo-August 2015, ukuze sikubeke kahle ngokwesayensi, kwakunethuba elingamaphesenti angama-95 ukuthi kwakukhona amabhere aphakathi kuka-199 nama-363 ​​phakathi kwemingcele ye-Svalbard Archipelago. Isilinganiso singamabhere angama-264 aseSvalbard.

Lawa ngamaqiniso. Ayitholi kunembe ngaphezu kwalokho. Okufanayo kusebenza kumabhere ase-polar eqhweni lephakethe elisenyakatho. Isilinganiso samabhere amhlophe angama-709 ashicilelwe. Uma ubheka ulwazi olugcwele encwadini yesayensi, inombolo yangempela izwakala ishintshashintsha kancane.

Ukuthola: Ngo-Agasti 2015, okungenzeka kube ngamaphesenti angama-95, kwakukhona phakathi kwamabhere amhlophe angama-533 nangu-1389 kuso sonke isifunda esiseduze neSpitsbergen (isifunda seqhwa saseSvalbard + enyakatho). Isilinganiso siphumela enanini lamabhere angama-973.

Buyela ekubukeni konke

Amaqiniso: Mangaki amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo e-Barents Sea?

Ngo-2004, inani lebhere elimhlophe lanwetshwa ukuze lifake uFranz Josef Land kanye nezindawo zeqhwa zaseRussia ngaphezu kweSvalbard. Lokhu kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukulinganisa ingqikithi yamabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo oLwandle iBarents. Ngeshwa, iziphathimandla zaseRussia azizange zinikeze imvume ye-2015, ngakho ingxenye yesiRashiya yendawo yokusabalalisa ayikwazanga ukuhlolwa futhi.

Idatha yokugcina mayelana nokugcwala kwebhere elimhlophe eLwandle i-Barents ivela ku-2004: isilinganiso esishicilelwe amabhere amhlophe angu-2644.

Ukuthola: Ngamathuba angamaphesenti angama-95, ukugcwala okuncane koLwandle i-Barents ngo-Agasti 2004 kwakuhlanganisa phakathi kuka-1899 no-3592 amabhere amhlophe. Incazelo yamabhere amhlophe angama-2644 oLwandle iBarents inikezwa.

Manje sekucacile ukuthi izinombolo eziphezulu ze-Svalbard ezijikeleza ku-inthanethi zivelaphi. Njengoba sekushiwo, abanye ababhali badlulisela ngokungalungile isibalo salo lonke iBarents Sea ku-Svalbard 1:1. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilinganiso samabhere amhlophe angaba ngu-2600 ngokuvamile sizungezwe izilwane ezingu-3000. Ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nenani eliphakeme kakhulu lesilinganiso soLwandle i-Barents (amabhere angama-3592) liyanikezwa, ukuze kungazelelwe kuqashelwe amabhere asezintabeni angama-3500 noma angu-3600 eSvalbard.

Buyela ekubukeni konke

Mangaki amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo emhlabeni?

Ukwenza yonke into icace, isimo sedatha yebhere elimhlophe emhlabeni wonke kufanele kushiwo kafushane. Okokuqala, kuyathakazelisa ukwazi ukuthi kunamabhere amhlophe angama-19 emhlabeni jikelele. Omunye wabo uhlala endaweni yaseBarents Sea, ehlanganisa neSpitsbergen.

ngezansi I-Ursus maritimus Uhlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN Lwezilwane Ezisengozini 2015 Kubhaliwe ukuthi: "Ukufingqa izilinganiso zakamuva ze-19 subpopulations […] kuholela enanini lamabhere amhlophe angama-26.000 (95% CI = 22.000 -31.000)."

Kucatshangwa lapha ukuthi kunengqikithi yamabhere amhlophe aphakathi kuka-22.000 31.000 no-26.000 XNUMX emhlabeni. Isilinganiso sabantu emhlabeni wonke singamabhere angama-XNUMX. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izingxenye ezincane isimo sedatha sibi futhi ukugcwala kwe-Arctic Basin akurekhodiwe nhlobo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, inombolo kufanele iqondwe njengesilinganiso esinzima kakhulu.

Ukuthola: Kukhona i-polar bear subpopulations engu-19 emhlabeni jikelele. Kunedatha encane etholakalayo kwabanye abantu abancane. Ngokusekelwe kudatha etholakalayo, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kukhona cishe amabhere angama-22.000 kuya ku-31.000 emhlabeni jikelele.

Buyela ekubukeni konke

Umhlahlandlela wokuhamba we-Svalbard • Izilwane zase-Arctic • Ibhere elimhlophe (Ursus maritimus) • Mangaki amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo e-Svalbard? • Buka amabhere amhlophe e-Svalbard

I-Outlook: Ingabe akhona amabhere amhlophe ambalwa e-Svalbard kunangaphambili?

Ngenxa yokuzingela okunzima ekhulwini le-19 nelama-20, inani lamabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo eSvalbard ekuqaleni lehla kakhulu. Kwaze kwafika ngo-1973 lapho kwasayinwa khona Isivumelwano Sokulondolozwa Kwezinyosi Ezimhlophe. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, ibhere elimhlophe lavikelwa ezindaweni zaseNorway. Isibalo sabantu sabe sesilulama kakhulu futhi sakhula, ikakhulukazi kwaze kwaba ngawo-1980. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kunamabhere asezindaweni eziningi namuhla eSvalbard kunangaphambili.

Ukuthola: Amabhere amhlophe awavunyelwe ukuthi azingelwe ezindaweni zaseNorway kusukela ngo-1973. Yingakho inani labantu liye landa futhi manje sekunamabhere amaningi e-polar eSvalbard kunangaphambili.

Uma uqhathanisa imiphumela yenani lebhere elimhlophe e-Svalbard ngo-2004 nango-2015, inombolo nayo ibonakala inyuke kancane ngalesi sikhathi. Nokho, ukwanda kwakungabalulekile.

Manje kunovalo lokuthi inani lamabhere asezintabeni eSvalbard lizophinde lehle futhi. Isitha esisha ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Amabhere e-Barents Sea polar abhekana nokulahlekelwa okushesha kakhulu kwendawo ehlala eqhweni lasolwandle kuwo wonke ama-subpopulations aziwayo ayi-19 e-Arctic (Laidre et al. 2015; Stern & Laidre 2016). Ngenhlanhla, ngesikhathi sokubalwa kwabantu ngo-Agasti 2015 abukho ubufakazi bokuthi lokhu kwase kuholele ekwehleni kwenani labantu.

Okutholakele: Kusazobonakala ukuthi inani lamabhere amhlophe e-Svalbard lizoncipha noma nini ngenxa yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Kuyaziwa ukuthi iqhwa lasolwandle lehla ngokushesha ikakhulukazi oLwandle i-Barents, kodwa ngo-2015 akukho kuncipha kwezinombolo zamabhere atholakala e-polar.

Buyela ekubukeni konke

Umhlahlandlela wokuhamba we-Svalbard • Izilwane zase-Arctic • Ibhere elimhlophe (Ursus maritimus) • Mangaki amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo e-Svalbard? • Buka amabhere amhlophe e-Svalbard

Okuguquguqukayo: Kungani idatha inembile kakhulu?

Eqinisweni, ukubala amabhere amhlophe akulula kangako. Kungani? Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akufanele ukhohlwe ukuthi amabhere amhlophe angabazingeli abahle futhi abangahlasela abantu. Ukuqapha okukhethekile kanye nebanga elivulekile kuhlala kudingekile. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, amabhere amhlophe afihleke kahle futhi indawo inkulu, ngokuvamile iyadida futhi ngezinye izikhathi kunzima ukuyifinyelela. Amabhere amhlophe avame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi ezindaweni ezikude, okwenza ukubalwa kwabantu ezindaweni ezinjalo kubize futhi kungasebenzi. Okungezwe kulokhu yizimo zezulu ezingalindelekile ze-High Arctic.

Naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo yososayensi, inani lamabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo alisoze lanqunywa ngokunembile. Inani eliphelele lamabhere amhlophe alibalwa, kodwa inani elibaliwe kusuka kudatha erekhodiwe, okuguquguqukayo namathuba. Ngenxa yokuthi umzamo mkhulu kakhulu, awubalwa njalo futhi idatha isheshe iphelelwe yisikhathi. Umbuzo wokuthi mangaki amabhere ase-polar akhona e-Spitsbergen usaphendulwa ngokungacacile, naphezu kwezinombolo eziqondile.

Ukuqaphela: Ukubala amabhere amhlophe kunzima. Izinombolo zebhere elimhlophe ziyisilinganiso esisuselwe kudatha yesayensi. Isibalo sokugcina esikhulu esishicilelwe senzeka ngo-Agasti 2015 futhi ngenxa yalokho sesiphelelwe yisikhathi. (kusukela ngo-Agasti 2023)

Buyela ekubukeni konke

Umhlahlandlela wokuhamba we-Svalbard • Izilwane zase-Arctic • Ibhere elimhlophe (Ursus maritimus) • Mangaki amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo e-Svalbard? • Buka amabhere amhlophe e-Svalbard

Isayensi: Uwabala kanjani amabhere amhlophe?

Incazelo elandelayo ikunikeza ukuqonda okuncane ezindleleni zokusebenza zesayensi ngesikhathi sokubalwa kwebhere elimhlophe e-Svalbard ngo-2015 (J. Aars et. al, 2019). Sicela uqaphele ukuthi izindlela zethulwa ngendlela elula kakhulu futhi ulwazi aluphelele. Iphuzu liwukunikeza umbono wokuthi indlela iyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani ukuze uthole izilinganiso ezinikezwe ngenhla.

1. Inani Eliphelele = Izinombolo Zangempela

Ezindaweni ezilawuleka kalula, inani eliphelele lezilwane liqoshwa ososayensi ngokubala kwangempela. Lokhu kungenzeka, isibonelo, eziqhingini ezincane kakhulu noma ezindaweni eziyisicaba, ezibonakala kalula. Ngo-2015, ososayensi babala mathupha amabhere angama-45 eSvalbard. Amanye amabhere angama-23 abonwa futhi abikwa ngabanye abantu baseSvalbard futhi ososayensi bakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi lawa mabhere ase-polar ayengakabalwa yiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bekunamabhere angu-4 asezintabeni okungekho muntu owawabona ephila, kodwa ayegqoke amakholomu esathelayithi. Lokhu kukhombise ukuthi bebesendaweni yokufunda ngesikhathi sokubala. Ingqikithi yamabhere asezintabeni angu-68 abalwe kusetshenziswa le ndlela ngaphakathi kwemingcele ye-Svalbard Archipelago.

2. Ama-Line Transects = Izinombolo Zangempela + Linganisa

Imigqa isethwe emabangeni athile futhi indiza enophephela emhlane. Wonke amabhere ase-polar abonakala endleleni ayabalwa. Kuyaphawulwa futhi ukuthi babekude kangakanani nomugqa ochazwe ngaphambilini. Kusukela kule datha, ososayensi bangabese belinganisela noma babale ukuthi mangaki amabhere asezindaweni ezimaphakathi nendawo.

Ngesikhathi kubalwa, kutholakale amabhere angu-100, omama abangu-14 abanewundlu elilodwa kanye nonina abangu-11 abanamawundlu amabili. Ibanga eliphezulu eliqondile lalingamamitha angu-2696. Ososayensi bayazi ukuthi amabhere asemhlabeni anethuba eliphakeme lokutholwa kunamabhere aseqhweni futhi alungise inombolo ngokufanele. Kusetshenziswa le ndlela, kwabalwa amabhere angama-161. Kodwa-ke, ngokwezibalo zabo, ososayensi banikeze isilinganiso esiphelele sezindawo ezimbozwe ama-transects emigqa njengamabhere amhlophe angama-674 (95% CI = 432 - 1053).

3. Iziguquguquko ezisizayo = isilinganiso esisekelwe kudatha yangaphambilini

Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esingesihle, ukubalwa kwakungenakwenzeka kwezinye izindawo njengoba kwakuhleliwe. Isizathu esivamile, isibonelo, inkungu ewugqinsi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kwakudingeka ukulinganisa ukuthi mangaki amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo ayeyotholakala uma ukubalwa kwakwenzekile. Kulokhu, izindawo ze-satellite telemetry zamabhere amhlophe afakwe isidluliseli zasetshenziswa njengesiguquli esisizayo. Isilinganiso sesilinganiso sisetshenziswe ukuze kubalwe ukuthi mangaki amabhere asezindaweni okungenzeka atholakale.

Ukuthola: Inani lokubala ezindaweni ezilinganiselwe + ukubala & linganisa ezindaweni ezinkulu ngokusebenzisa ama-transects alayini + ukulinganisa kusetshenziswa okuguquguqukayo okuyisizayo kwezindawo lapho kwakungenakwenzeka ukubala = inani eliphelele lamabhere amhlophe

Buyela ekubukeni konke

Umhlahlandlela wokuhamba we-Svalbard • Izilwane zase-Arctic • Ibhere elimhlophe (Ursus maritimus) • Mangaki amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo e-Svalbard? • Buka amabhere amhlophe e-Svalbard

Izivakashi ziwabona kuphi amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo eSvalbard?

Nakuba kunamabhere amhlophe ambalwa e-Svalbard kunamawebhusayithi amaningi asho ngokungalungile, iqoqo leziqhingi laseSvalbard kuseyindawo enhle kakhulu yebhere elimhlophe. Ikakhulukazi ohambweni olude ngesikebhe eSvalbard, izivakashi zinethuba elingcono kakhulu lokubuka amabhere asendle.

Ngokocwaningo olwenziwe yi-Norwegian Polar Institute e-Svalbard kusukela ngo-2005 kuya ku-2018, amabhere amaningi ase-polar abonwe enyakatho-ntshonalanga yesiqhingi esikhulu saseSpitsbergen: ikakhulukazi eduze neRaudfjord. Ezinye izindawo ezinamazinga aphezulu okubona zazisenyakatho yesiqhingi saseNordaustlandt I-Hinlopen Street kanye ne Isiqhingi saseBarentsøya. Ngokuphambene nalokho obekulindelwe yizivakashi eziningi, u-65% wawo wonke amabhere abonwayo enzeka ezindaweni ezingenalo iqhwa. (O. Bengtsson, 2021)

Ulwazi lomuntu siqu: Phakathi kwezinsuku eziyishumi nambili Cruise on the Sea Spirit eSvalbard, I-AGE™ ikwazile ukubona amabhere amhlophe ayisishiyagalolunye ngo-Agasti 2023. Naphezu kokusesha okujulile, asizange silithole nelilodwa ibhere elimhlophe esiqhingini esikhulu saseSpitsbergen. Hhayi ngisho naseRaudfjord eyaziwayo. Imvelo ihlala iyimvelo futhi i-High Arctic akuyona i-zoo. E-Hinlopen Strait savuzwa ngokubekezela kwethu: phakathi nezinsuku ezintathu sabona amabhere amhlophe ayisishiyagalombili eziqhingini ezihlukahlukene. Esiqhingini saseBarentsøya sabona ibhere elimhlophe elingunombolo 9. Sabona amabhere amaningi asezindaweni ezishisayo endaweni enamadwala, elinye lisetshanini obuluhlaza, amabili eqhweni nelinye ogwini oluneqhwa.

Buyela ekubukeni konke

Umhlahlandlela wokuhamba we-Svalbard • Izilwane zase-Arctic • Ibhere elimhlophe (Ursus maritimus) • Mangaki amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo e-Svalbard? • Buka amabhere amhlophe e-Svalbard

Izaziso & Copyright

Umthombo: Mangaki amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo e-Svalbard?