Zimbalangondo za polar ku Svalbard: nthano motsutsana ndi zenizeni

Kodi ku Svalbard kuli zimbalangondo zingati? Poyankha funso ili, kukula kotereku kungapezeke pa intaneti kuti owerenga ali ndi chizungulire: 300 polar bears, 1000 polar bears ndi 2600 polar bears - chirichonse chikuwoneka chotheka. Nthawi zambiri zimanenedwa kuti ku Spitsbergen kuli zimbalangondo zokwana 3000. Kampani yodziwika bwino yoyenda panyanja inalemba kuti: “Malinga ndi bungwe la Norwegian Polar Institute, zimbalangondo za ku Svalbard panopa zili ndi nyama 3500.”

Zolakwika zosasamala, zolakwika zomasulira, malingaliro olakalaka komanso mwatsoka malingaliro ofala omwe adakali amtundu wa copy-and-paste ndizomwe zayambitsa chisokonezochi. Mawu odabwitsa amakumana ndi ma sheet anzeru.

Nthano iliyonse ili ndi njere ya choonadi, koma ndi nambala iti yomwe ili yolondola? Apa mutha kudziwa chifukwa chake nthano zodziwika bwino sizowona komanso kuchuluka kwa zimbalangondo zomwe zili ku Svalbard.

Svalbard Travel Guide • Zinyama za ku Arctic • Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) • Kodi ku Svalbard zimbalangondo zingati? • Onani zimbalangondo za polar ku Svalbard

Bodza loyamba: Ku Svalbard kuli zimbalangondo zambiri kuposa anthu

Ngakhale kuti mawuwa amatha kuwerengedwa pafupipafupi pa intaneti, akadali osalondola. Ngakhale kuti zilumba zambiri za m'zilumba za Svalbard mulibe anthu, zilumba zing'onozing'ono zambiri zili ndi zimbalangondo zambiri kuposa anthu okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, izi sizikukhudzanso chilumba chachikulu cha Svalbard kapena zisumbu zonse.

Pafupifupi anthu 2500 mpaka 3000 amakhala pachilumba cha Spitsbergen. Ambiri a iwo amakhalamo longyearbyen, mzinda umene umatchedwa kuti kumpoto kwambiri padziko lonse. Statistics Norway imapatsa anthu okhala ku Svalbard koyamba kwa Januware 2021: Malinga ndi izi, midzi ya Svalbard ya Longyearbyen, Ny-Alesund, Barentsburg ndi Pyramiden pamodzi inali ndi anthu 2.859 ndendende.

Imani. Kodi ku Spitsbergen kulibe zimbalangondo zambiri kuposa anthu? Ngati mukudzifunsa funsoli, ndiye kuti mwina munamvapo kapena munawerengapo kuti ku Svalbard kumakhala zimbalangondo pafupifupi 3000. Zikanakhala choncho, mukanakhala olondola, koma zimenezonso ndi nthano chabe.

Kupeza: Kulibe zimbalangondo zambiri kuposa anthu okhala ku Svalbard.

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Bodza lachiwiri: Ku Svalbard kuli zimbalangondo zokwana 2

Nambala iyi ikupitilira. Komabe, aliyense amene ayang’ana zofalitsa za sayansi amazindikira mwamsanga kuti uku ndi kulakwa kwa mawu. Chiwerengero cha zimbalangondo pafupifupi 3000 chikugwira ntchito kudera lonse la Barents Sea, osati ku zisumbu za Svalbard komanso osati pachilumba chachikulu cha Spitsbergen.

pansipa Ursus maritimus (European assessment) ya IUCN Red List of Threatened Species ingawerengedwe, mwachitsanzo: “ Ku Ulaya, kuchulukirachulukira kwa Nyanja ya Barents (Norway ndi Russian Federation) kukuyerekezeredwa kukhala anthu pafupifupi 3.000.”

Nyanja ya Barents ndi nyanja yam'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Arctic. Dera la Barents Sea limaphatikizapo osati Spitsbergen, ena onse a Svalbard Archipelago ndi paketi ya ayezi kumpoto kwa Spitsbergen, komanso Franz Joseph Land ndi zigawo za ayezi zaku Russia. Zimbalangondo za polar nthawi zina zimayenda kudutsa pa ayezi, koma utali wotalikirapo, m'pamenenso kusinthana kumachepa. Kusamutsa zimbalangondo zonse za Barents Sea polar 1:1 kupita ku Svalbard sizolondola.

Kupeza: Pali zimbalangondo pafupifupi 3000 m'dera la Barents Sea.

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Numeri: Kodi ku Svalbard kuli zimbalangondo zingati?

Ndipotu, pafupifupi zimbalangondo 300 zokha zimakhala m'dera la zisumbu za Svalbard, pafupifupi 3000 peresenti ya zimbalangondo XNUMX zomwe zimatchulidwa kawirikawiri. Izi nazonso sizimakhala pachilumba chachikulu cha Spitsbergen, koma zimafalikira kuzilumba zingapo za zisumbuzi. Chifukwa chake ku Svalbard kuli zimbalangondo zocheperako kuposa momwe masamba ena angakuthandizireni. Komabe, alendo odzaona malo ali ndi mwayi wabwino kwambiri Kuwonera zimbalangondo za polar ku Svalbard.

Kupeza: Pali zimbalangondo zokwana 300 pazilumba za Svalbard, zomwe zimaphatikizaponso chilumba chachikulu cha Spitsbergen.

Kuwonjezera pa zimbalangondo pafupifupi 300 zomwe zili m'malire a dziko la Svalbard, mulinso zimbalangondo zomwe zili m'madera oundana kumpoto kwa Svalbard. Chiwerengero cha zimbalangondo za polar izi kumpoto kwa ayezi akuyerekeza pafupifupi 700 polar bears. Mukaphatikiza zikhalidwe zonse ziwiri, zimamveka chifukwa chake magwero ena amapereka kuchuluka kwa zimbalangondo 1000 zaku Svalbard.

Kupeza: Pafupifupi zimbalangondo zokwana 1000 zimakhala kudera lozungulira Spitsbergen (Svalbard + Northern Pack ice).

Osakwanira mokwanira kwa inu? Osatinso ife. M'chigawo chotsatira mupeza kuchuluka kwa zimbalangondo zomwe zili ku Svalbard ndi Nyanja ya Barents malinga ndi zofalitsa zasayansi.

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Zoona zake: Kodi ku Svalbard kumakhala zimbalangondo zingati?

Panali zimbalangondo ziwiri zazikuluzikulu ku Svalbard mu 2004 ndi 2015: iliyonse kuyambira August 01st mpaka August 31st. M’zaka zonsezi, zilumba za zisumbu za Svalbard komanso dera la kumpoto kwa madzi oundana ankafufuzidwa ndi zombo ndi helikoputala.

Kalembera wa 2015 anasonyeza kuti ku Svalbard kumakhala zimbalangondo zokwana 264. Komabe, kuti mumvetse bwino chiwerengerochi, muyenera kudziwa momwe asayansi amafotokozera. Mukawerenga zofalitsa zomwe zikugwirizana nazo, zimati "264 (95% CI = 199 - 363) zimbalangondo". Izi zikutanthauza kuti nambala 264, yomwe imamveka yolondola kwambiri, si chiwerengero chenichenicho, koma chiwerengero cha chiŵerengero chomwe chili ndi mwayi wa 95% kukhala wolondola.

Kupeza: Mu Ogasiti 2015, kunena molondola zasayansi, panali kuthekera kwa 95 peresenti kuti panali pakati pa 199 ndi 363 zimbalangondo za polar mkati mwa malire a Svalbard Archipelago. Pafupifupi zimbalangondo 264 za ku Svalbard.

Izi ndi zoona. Izo sizimafika kulondola kulikonse kuposa izo. Zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito kwa zimbalangondo za polar kumpoto kwa ayezi. Pafupifupi zimbalangondo 709 za polar zasindikizidwa. Ngati muyang'ana chidziwitso chonse m'buku la sayansi, chiwerengero chenichenicho chimamveka chosinthika pang'ono.

Kupeza: Mu Ogasiti 2015, mwina 95 peresenti, panali pakati pa 533 ndi 1389 zimbalangondo za polar m'chigawo chonse chozungulira Spitsbergen (Svalbard + Northern Pack ice region). Avereji imabweretsa chimbalangondo chonse cha 973 polar.

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Zoona zake: Kodi mu Nyanja ya Barents muli zimbalangondo zingati?

Mu 2004, chiwerengero cha zimbalangondo cha ku polar chinawonjezedwa kuti chiphatikizepo Franz Josef Land ndi malo oundana a ku Russia oundana kuwonjezera pa Svalbard. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti athe kuyerekeza chiŵerengero cha zimbalangondo zonse za m’nyanja ya Barents. Tsoka ilo, akuluakulu a boma la Russia sanapereke chilolezo cha 2015, kotero kuti gawo la Russia la malo ogawako silinayesedwenso.

Deta yomaliza yokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa chimbalangondo chonse mu Nyanja ya Barents idachokera ku 2004: avareji yofalitsidwa ndi 2644 polar bears.

Kupeza: Ndi 95 peresenti yotheka, kuchuluka kwa nyanja ya Barents mu August 2004 kunali pakati pa 1899 ndi 3592 zimbalangondo za polar. Tanthauzo la zimbalangondo za polar 2644 za Nyanja ya Barents zaperekedwa.

Tsopano zikuwonekeratu kumene manambala apamwamba a Svalbard omwe amafalitsidwa pa intaneti amachokera. Monga tanenera kale, olemba ena anasamutsa molakwika chiwerengero cha Nyanja yonse ya Barents kupita ku Svalbard 1:1. Kuphatikiza apo, pafupifupi 2600 zimbalangondo za polar nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa mowolowa manja kwa nyama 3000. Nthawi zina ngakhale chiŵerengero chapamwamba kwambiri cha kuyerekezera kwa Nyanja ya Barents (3592 polar bears) chimaperekedwa, kotero kuti mwadzidzidzi zimbalangondo za polar 3500 kapena 3600 zimadziŵika ku Svalbard.

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Kodi padziko lapansi pali zimbalangondo zingati?

Kuti zonse zimveke bwino, momwe zimbalangondo zilili padziko lonse lapansi ziyenera kutchulidwanso mwachidule. Choyamba, ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti padziko lonse lapansi pali zimbalangondo zokwana 19. Mmodzi wa iwo amakhala kudera la Barents Sea, komwe kulinso Spitsbergen.

pansipa Ursus maritimus Mndandanda Wofiira wa IUCN wa Mitundu Yowopsa ya 2015 Kwalembedwa kuti: “Kunena mwachidule kuyerekezera kwaposachedwa kwa anthu 19 […]

Pano akuganiza kuti padziko lapansi pali zimbalangondo pakati pa 22.000 ndi 31.000. Chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi ndi 26.000 zimbalangondo. Komabe, kwa anthu ena ochepa zinthu sizili bwino ndipo kuchuluka kwa anthu ku Arctic Basin sikunalembedwe nkomwe. Pachifukwa ichi, chiwerengerocho chiyenera kumveka ngati chiwerengero chovuta kwambiri.

Kupeza: Pali zimbalangondo 19 padziko lonse lapansi. Pali chidziwitso chochepa cha anthu ena ochepa. Kutengera ndi zomwe zilipo, akuti padziko lonse lapansi pali zimbalangondo pafupifupi 22.000 mpaka 31.000.

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Malingaliro: Kodi ku Svalbard kuli zimbalangondo zocheperako kuposa kale?

Chifukwa cha kusaka kwambiri m’zaka za m’ma 19 ndi 20, chiwerengero cha zimbalangondo ku Svalbard chinachepa kwambiri. Sizinafike mpaka 1973 pomwe Mgwirizano Woteteza Polar Bears unasaina. Kuyambira pamenepo, chimbalangondo cha polar chinali kutetezedwa kumadera a ku Norway. Anthuwo adachira kwambiri ndipo adakula, makamaka mpaka m'ma 1980. Pachifukwa chimenechi, ku Svalbard kuli zimbalangondo zambiri kuposa kale.

Kupeza: Zimbalangondo za polar sizinaloledwe kusaka m'madera aku Norway kuyambira 1973. N’chifukwa chake chiwerengero cha anthu chawonjezeka ndipo tsopano ku Svalbard kuli zimbalangondo zambiri kuposa kale.

Mukayerekeza zotsatira za chimbalangondo cha zimbalangondo ku Svalbard mu 2004 ndi 2015, chiwerengerochi chikuwonekanso kuti chakwera pang'ono panthawiyi. Komabe, kuwonjezekako sikunali kwakukulu.

Panopa pali mantha kuti chimbalangondo cha zimbalangondo ku Svalbard chidzachepanso. Mdani watsopano ndi kutentha kwa dziko. Zimbalangondo za Barents Sea polar zikukumana ndi kutayika kwachangu kwa malo oundana a m'nyanja mwa anthu onse 19 odziwika ku Arctic (Laidre et al. 2015; Stern & Laidre 2016). Mwamwayi, panthawi ya kalembera mu August 2015 panalibe umboni wosonyeza kuti izi zachititsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu chichepetse.

Zomwe apeza: Zidzadziwikiratu ngati zimbalangondo za ku Svalbard zidzachepa kapena liti chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko. Zimadziwika kuti madzi oundana akuchepa kwambiri m'nyanja ya Barents, koma mu 2015 palibe kuchepa kwa zimbalangondo za polar komwe kunapezeka.

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Zosintha: Chifukwa chiyani deta siili yolondola kwambiri?

Ndipotu, kuwerengera zimbalangondo za polar sikophweka. Chifukwa chiyani? Kumbali ina, musaiwale kuti zimbalangondo za polar ndi alenje ochititsa chidwi omwe amamenyanso anthu. Kusamala kwambiri ndi mtunda wowolowa manja ndizofunikira nthawi zonse. Koposa zonse, zimbalangondo za polar zimabisika bwino ndipo derali ndi lalikulu, nthawi zambiri zimasokoneza ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kuzipeza. Zimbalangondo za polar nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'malo ocheperako kumadera akumidzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kalembera m'madera otere akhale okwera mtengo komanso osagwira ntchito. Kuwonjezera pa izi ndi nyengo yosayembekezereka ya ku High Arctic.

Ngakhale kuti asayansi anayesetsa, chiwerengero cha zimbalangondo za ku polar sichinadziwike bwinobwino. Chiwerengero chonse cha zimbalangondo za polar sichimawerengedwa, koma mtengo wowerengedwa kuchokera ku deta yolembedwa, zosinthika ndi zotheka. Chifukwa kuyesayesako ndi kwakukulu, sikuwerengedwa kawirikawiri ndipo deta imachedwa kutha. Funso loti kuli zimbalangondo zingati ku Spitsbergen silinayankhidwe momveka bwino, ngakhale pali ziwerengero zenizeni.

Kuzindikira: Kuwerengera zimbalangondo za polar ndikovuta. Nambala za zimbalangondo za ku polar ndizongoyerekeza potengera zomwe asayansi apeza. Kuwerengera kwakukulu komaliza kofalitsidwa kunachitika mu Ogasiti 2015 ndipo chifukwa chake kwatha kale. (kuyambira Ogasiti 2023)

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Sayansi: Kodi mumawerengera bwanji zimbalangondo za polar?

Kufotokozera kotsatiraku kumakupatsani chidziwitso pang'ono panjira zogwirira ntchito zasayansi panthawi ya kalembera wa zimbalangondo ku Svalbard mu 2015 (J. Aars et. al, 2019). Chonde dziwani kuti njirazo zimaperekedwa m'njira yosavuta kwambiri ndipo zambiri sizimakwanira. Mfundo ndikungopereka lingaliro la momwe njirayo ilili yovuta kupeza zomwe zaperekedwa pamwambapa.

1. Chiwerengero chonse = Manambala enieni

M'madera osavuta kuwongolera, chiwerengero chonse cha nyama chimalembedwa ndi asayansi kupyolera mu kuwerengera kwenikweni. Izi ndizotheka, mwachitsanzo, pazilumba zazing'ono kwambiri kapena pamabanki athyathyathya, owoneka mosavuta. Mu 2015, asayansi anawerengera okha zimbalangondo 45 ku Svalbard. Zimbalangondo zina 23 za polar zinawonedwa ndikufotokozedwa ndi anthu ena ku Svalbard ndipo asayansi adatha kutsimikizira kuti zimbalangondo za polar izi sizinawerengedwe kale ndi iwo. Kuphatikiza apo, panali zimbalangondo 4 za polar zomwe palibe amene adaziwona zili moyo, koma zomwe zidavala makolala a satellite. Izi zinasonyeza kuti anali m’dera lophunzirira panthawi yowerengera. Zimbalangondo zokwana 68 zinawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi mkati mwa malire a Svalbard Archipelago.

2. Ma Transects a Line = Nambala Yeniyeni + Estimate

Mizere imayikidwa pamtunda wina ndipo imayendetsedwa ndi helikopita. Zimbalangondo zonse zowoneka m'njira zimawerengedwa. Zimazindikirikanso kuti anali kutali bwanji ndi mzere wofotokozedwa kale. Kuchokera pazomwezi, asayansi amatha kuyerekeza kapena kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa zimbalangondo za polar zomwe zili m'derali.

Pakuŵerengeraku, anapeza zimbalangondo 100, amayi 14 okhala ndi mwana mmodzi ndi amayi 11 okhala ndi ana aŵiri. Mtunda wowongoka kwambiri unali 2696 metres. Asayansi akudziwa kuti zimbalangondo zomwe zili pamtunda zimakhala ndi mwayi waukulu wodziwidwa kuposa zimbalangondo zomwe zili mu ayezi ndikusintha nambala moyenerera. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, zimbalangondo zokwana 161 zinawerengedwa. Komabe, molingana ndi kuwerengera kwawo, asayansi adapereka chiŵerengero chonse cha madera omwe amadutsa mizere ngati 674 (95% CI = 432 - 1053) zimbalangondo za polar.

3. Zothandizira zowonjezera = kuyerekezera kutengera deta yapitayi

Chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa, kuŵerenga sikunali kotheka m’madera ena monga momwe anakonzera. Chifukwa chofala ndicho, mwachitsanzo, chifunga chokhuthala. Pachifukwachi, kunali koyenera kuyerekezera kuchuluka kwa zimbalangondo za polar zikanapezeka ngati kuwerengerako kunachitika. Pachifukwa ichi, malo a satellite telemetry a zimbalangondo za polar okhala ndi transmitter adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosinthira chothandizira. Kuyerekeza kwa chiŵerengero kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa zimbalangondo za polar mwina zikanapezeka.

Kupeza: Kuwerengera kwathunthu m'madera ochepa + kuwerengera & kuyerekezera m'madera akuluakulu kudzera m'mizere ya mzere + kuyerekezera pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yothandiza ya madera omwe sikunali kotheka kuwerengera = chiwerengero cha zimbalangondo za polar

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Kodi alendo amaziwona kuti zimbalangondo ku Svalbard?

Ngakhale kuti ku Svalbard kuli zimbalangondo zochepa kwambiri kuposa momwe mawebusayiti ambiri amanenera molakwika, zisumbu za Svalbard akadali malo abwino kwambiri ochitirako zimbalangondo za polar safaris. Makamaka paulendo wautali wa bwato ku Svalbard, alendo odzaona malo amakhala ndi mwayi waukulu woona zimbalangondo zakutchire kuthengo.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Norwegian Polar Institute ku Svalbard kuyambira 2005 mpaka 2018, zimbalangondo zambiri za polar zinkawoneka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chilumba chachikulu cha Spitsbergen: makamaka kuzungulira Raudfjord. Madera ena okhala ndi chiwongola dzanja chokwera anali kumpoto kwa chisumbu cha Nordaustlandt Msewu wa Hinlopen komanso Chilumba cha Barentsøya. Mosiyana ndi zomwe alendo ambiri amayembekeza, 65% ya zimbalangondo zonse zowoneka bwino zidachitika m'malo opanda madzi oundana. (O. Bengtsson, 2021)

Zochitikira pawekha: Pasanathe masiku khumi ndi awiri Kuyenda pa Nyanja Mzimu ku Svalbard, AGE™ adatha kuwona zimbalangondo zisanu ndi zinayi mu Ogasiti 2023. Ngakhale kuti tinafufuza mozama, sitinapeze chimbalangondo chimodzi pachilumba chachikulu cha Spitsbergen. Osati ngakhale mu Raudfjord wodziwika bwino. Chilengedwe chimakhalabe chilengedwe ndipo High Arctic si malo osungira nyama. Mu Hinlopen Strait tinafupidwa kaamba ka kuleza mtima kwathu: mkati mwa masiku atatu tinawona zimbalangondo zisanu ndi zitatu za ku polar pazisumbu zosiyanasiyana. Pachilumba cha Barentsøya tinaona zimbalangondo za ku polar nambala 9. Tinaona zimbalangondo zambiri za m’mphepete mwa nyanja pamalo amiyala, imodzi paudzu wobiriwira, ziwiri m’chipale chofewa ndiponso ina pagombe lachipale chofewa.

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Zidziwitso & Copyright

Kochokera: Kodi ku Svalbard kuli zimbalangondo zingati?